| Power conversion | Converts the battery’s direct-current (DC) power into controlled power for the traction motor. | For common three-phase AC traction motors, an inverter switches semiconductor devices to produce variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC. | Check that the controller’s voltage, current, and power ratings match the battery and motor operating limits. |
| Torque and speed control | Regulates motor torque and speed in response to driver demand and vehicle-control commands. | Control software adjusts motor phase currents using feedback such as rotor position, speed, and current measurements. | Control accuracy and response influence drivability, traction behavior, and the ability to deliver the motor’s intended performance. |
| Regenerative braking | Controls energy flow from the motor back toward the battery during suitable deceleration conditions. | The motor operates as a generator, while the inverter manages the electrical power returned to the DC bus. | Available regenerative braking depends on battery charge acceptance, temperature, vehicle speed, and braking-system coordination. |
| Motor compatibility | Provides switching and control strategies suited to the selected traction-motor type. | Control methods and feedback requirements vary among motor designs, including permanent-magnet synchronous, induction, and switched-reluctance motors. | Confirm supported motor types, sensor requirements, control software, and commissioning options before integration. |
| Thermal management | Monitors and manages heat generated by power semiconductors and other electronic components. | Heat is transferred through the controller’s cooling structure, which may be designed for liquid or air cooling. | Assess cooling requirements, installation conditions, temperature monitoring, and thermal derating behavior for the intended duty cycle. |
| Protection and diagnostics | Detects operating faults and can limit or stop power delivery to help protect the drivetrain. | Typical monitored conditions include overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and excessive temperature. | Review fault reporting, protective responses, diagnostic access, and how the controller communicates faults to other vehicle systems. |
| Vehicle integration | Exchanges commands and operating data with vehicle control and battery-management systems. | Communication interfaces and control signals support functions such as torque requests, operating status, and fault reporting. | Verify interface compatibility, message definitions, safety behavior, and integration support for the complete vehicle system. |